Online sourcing

Online sourcing As we reach the end of the decade to what extent has online sourcing become a reality? The Internet has become a daily commonplace or even inevitability for businesses as well as it is for our individual needs. It enables us with numbers of possibilities and the new opportunities of its use are still coming up. This essay examines the role of the Internet in international and global sourcing and gives brief description of how the role is being changed or developed over the last decade. It also describes the benefits which come from using the Internet in sourcing activities. Yip and Dempster (2004) call the Internet as a driver of globalization. Its technological characteristics accelerate the globalization process. The Internet is decentralized network without any control so companies can use it to suit their own needs. It enables worldwide communication with no limitation by geographical distance. It is easy and low cost way to send and get information in real time from all over the world. Same authors summarise: â€Å"The Internet is highly complementary to the already trends that are forcing companies to become global, and at most a key driving force of the continued globalization of existing companies.† While international purchasing is simple buying process between buyer and seller from different countries, global sourcing has a wider meaning which includes worldwide integration and coordination of material, processes, technologies and suppliers. (Monczka, Trent, Handfield 2005). The majority of the companies, which decided to source globally, did it because of the motivation of getting the goods and materials as cheap as possible. However, Monczka, Trent, Handfield (2005) give us several other reasons for worldwide sourcing. Companies can get access to the latest product and process technology or they can obtain goods of higher quality. Some companies just follow the practices of competitor in order to remain cost competitive. The aims of global sourcing could be achieved easier with integration of right technology and one of it is the Internet. Lysons, Farrington (2006) use the word e-sourcing which refers to the use of the Internet in decision making process about the ways and locations from where products and services are obtained. Rapid development of information technology affects the all business activities and also in supply chain management the Internet has started to play significant role. Lancioni, Smith, Oliva (2000) argue that the Internet enables businesses to achieve the objectives of supply chain as decreasing the cost or improving communication, more quickly and effectively. According their research about the role of the Internet in supply chain management, companies use the Internet mostly for order processing, purchasing and communication with vendors. Next we closer explain the role of the Internet in sourcing activities. Lancioni (2003) says that the usage of the Internet in business could be multidimensional. He compares years 1999 and 2001 in his research and there is an overall increase of using the Internet in various business activities. According his research the biggest increase is in purchasing nearly by 50%. Firms realised benefits as lower labour expenses as purchasing department staff is reduced, due to computerising of purchasing process. Next area of growth is transportation from 56.2% to 84.3% of asked firms in 2001. Implementing technologies for tracking shipment, placing claims or fleet management improved productivity and lowered level of stock. The usage of the Internet for customer service rose by 15%. Firms improved respond time what accelerates problem solution. There is 12% increase in the use of the Internet for maintaining relationships with suppliers. Firms use application as online catalogues, e-mails, Internet exchanges. Both parties can be in closer touch and is easier to develop strategic partnership. Sourcing as â€Å"the process of identifying, selecting and developing supplier† (Lysons, Farrington, 2006) gives numerous opportunities to use the Internet in these activities even more if we consider sourcing in global context. In the term of identifying suppliers, the Internet represents an enormous source of information for buyer. Searching for the right suppliers has become easier and more cost effective. Barua, Ravindran and Whiston (1997) say that before the wide spread of Internet applications, supplier search using business directories, trade journal or yellow pages revealed only few results. Furthermore, much more focused group of suppliers can be made using the network databases as there is more information available on the Internet. Next, authors make statement about previous, present and future importance of the Internet. Electronic brochures of product and services with catalogues and price lists were the first applications of the Internet in business. Later, the re are search agents for finding the requested product and for comparison of prices. They predicted online processing of bids for products and services to take place in the future. Now, it is obvious that this became reality in the form of online reverse auction. Van Weele (2005) defines it as an auction where price is set by buyer and suppliers need to meet it. Roberts and Mackay (1998) mention that E-mails, searching tools and file transfer were the most used internet applications before. As the World Wide Web has started to play role, more and more companies set their own website to become visible in electronic world. These days, it is necessity for company to have its own webpage. It is a marketing tool and communication place. Customers, business partners and the third parities can easily get information about the company, look at lists of products or they can send their requirements via contact links. Besides going to website of individual supplier, there are numbers of suppliers portals (e.g. globalsources.com, purchasing.com, powersourcing.com) on the Internet where can buyer search for supplier according to required product, industry or country of supplier. Buyers are provided with product information and contact details of suppliers, some of portals offer a brief description of a company or there is a possibility to order or look to its catalogue as well as to contact supplier. Besides free accessible websites which offer lists of supplier from all over the world, there are also specialized marketplaces. Van Weele (2005) defines electronic marketplace as â€Å"a place on the Internet where actual transaction can take place between buyers and sellers†. UK national B2B centre presents on its website (unknown, 2009) various types of such markets and describes the range of services which they provide as lists of suppliers, electronic catalogues, online purchasing or online auction. General benefits of e-marketplaces include forming new trading partnerships or operating on a round-the-clock basis. An international e-market place gives opportunities which otherwise buyer would not be informed of. However, the first beliefs about e-market places and independent business exchanges were not meet as many e-market places failed. Sites were the Internet is used to target customer are the most successful (Tieman 2003, cited by Laseter). As we talk about the software equipment there are numbers of software programmes design for businesses to manage business activities electronically and over the Internet e.g. SAP, Oracle, Ariba. These programmes have also applications for e-procurement. Nowadays, investments to information technology are inevitable for each company which want to success internationally. Schalibly (2004) says: „Company that does not have electronic data cannot even begin to think about the global sourcing.â€Å" Also some companies refuse to cooperate with firm which do not meet their information technology requirements. Companies have recognised that and the investments to IT became the regular line item in their expenditure. Even more it is increasing every year. As the Internet provides us with number of supplier after the initial search, they can be both efficient and inefficient suppliers on the list. Therefore it is necessary to implement strategy for selection and evaluation of supplier. One possibility is to reduce selection according buyer requirements as price of product, size of company or number of years a company operates. Once buyer has a shortlist he can starts to evaluate suppliers. Buyers transaction cost would increase if he wants to evaluate all suppliers (Barua, Ravindran, Whiston, 1997). Trucker and Jones (2000) emphasize other important issues with selecting a supplier. These are using the right searching engines, intelligent agents and training procurement staff to guide the Internet effectively in order to minimize the irrelevant results. As far as developing relationships with suppliers is consider, the Internet is an important communication media. It supports these relationships as it is not costly and easy to connect. Even more, buyers have same opportunity if they deal with local or supplier from greater distance. We talk more about benefits of online communication later. As we mentioned above the Internet is widely used application in online sourcing. The main benefits include improving communication, getting better access to information or possibility to complete the entire purchasing process over the Internet. All these benefits results in cost saving enhance efficiencies and increase profit (Lancioni, Smith, Schau, 2002). Bartezzaghi and Ronchi (2005) give these benefits of applying e-sourcing. Buyer gets product for lower purchasing price and he achieves higher level of efficiency. Number of supplier also decreases by using e-sourcing tools. Communication over the Internet involves e-mails, website contact links and Internet exchanges. From global point of view, the possibility to communicate across the whole world and in different time zones represents the one of the main advantages which the Internet offers in global sourcing (Walters, 2007). Companies are able to contact supplier via E-mail on 24 hour basis as time zones barriers are removed. That was not possible before with using e.g. telephone lines. Sending documents and other files through the Internet became possible as now we have electronic data and electronic signature. Companies save time as sending takes few minutes while post delivery several days. There has also been improvement in customer service as customers can access company website or send requests any time. Results are in reduction of service costs and respond time (Lancioni, Smith, Oliva, 2000). Besides the advantages, there are issues as security and reliability which eliminates the potential use of the Internet. Walters (2007) conducts that as buyer and seller can contact directly via the Internet in a flexible and convenient way there is no need to us services of intermediaries. Transaction costs are reduced. One of the problems is protection of business emails with sensitive information against hackers (Roberts and Mackay, 1998). Although tools of online communication give advantages to salespersons they cannot replace their work. Deeter-Schmelz and Norman Kennedy (2004) argue that organization should design their website in the way to support sales representatives not to replace them. In fact, by using the Internet salesperson can get easier access to required information and by using of online sourcing tools they are free of paper work and they can concentrate on developing customer relationships. There is an example of effective communication system launched by Kia Motors (unknown 2002). The company introduced the distributor communication system in 2002 to connect subsidiaries, distributors with head office around the world through the Internet. The system enables to share information, placing orders or export document in real time. Achieved information from distributors helps KIA to establish strategy according the current market situation for the specific place. Distributors reduced their stock as they have better access to production and shipping information. Not least, trust has been built on both sides. The Internet presents an enormous pool of information and it is simple to create own appearance on this worldwide network. This is important in global sourcing as buyers have access to broader number of suppliers. On the other hand, buyers need to pay more attention to evaluate these suppliers. It is necessary to check their real presence, look for recommendation if they are new on the market or there is not enough information about them. The Internet allows completing the purchasing transaction online. Companies can use it from initial searching and contacting supplier through placing order to final payment of invoice. By doing so, decline of cost of transaction process can be achieved. Paper work is reduced as well as errors appear less. Notably, the whole process of ordering is done quicker. As a result of online purchasing in General Electric there has been a reduction of purchasing staff by 50%. Time period between sending order to receiving product decreased by 40% in the company (Lancioni, Smith, Oliva, 2000). The other benefits include informing vendors of changes in orders, checking the status of order or paying invoices electronically. Companies can track and plan shipment, schedule pickups and deliveries (Lancioni, Smith, Oliva 2000). Same authors give various examples of companies about using the Internet in supply chain management. By using the Internet for shipment scheduling, General Electric can more precisely and cost effectively deliver product on time to the customer. The Internet notifies Air Products and Chemicals of most suitable terminal and plant for serving customer as the company uses the Internet in global sourcing process. Roberts and Mackay (1998) in their article on the role of electronic commerce describe the anticipations coming from the use of the Internet. They talk about the possibilities for buyers as browsing in electronic catalogues, placing order or advancing bids. Suppliers could better organise their production and deliveries as they respond to bids. There are also the third parties which facilitate the marketplace. They offer services as supplier certification, referral, brokering and specialised directories. On the other hand, according to the research made by Deeter-Schmelz and Norman Kennedy (2004) about the usefulness of the Internet in supplier selection and relationship maintenance, statistic shows that buyers consider the Internet to be slightly important as an information source; the more useful sources are sales representatives or users of the product. In the area of selection supplier 42.6% of buyers say that the Internet does not play any important role. As far as communication and relationships with supplier are consider, the Internet is moderately or very important. Additionally, it has been more used in ongoing relationships than in initial stage of contacting supplier. The Internet has in global sourcing process its irreplaceable role. The main role is simple search and communication between buyer and supplier which lead to cost cutting and effectiveness. The Internet became like a â€Å"meeting place† for both supplier and buyer thus their active presence and involvement on this network is inevitable if they want to succeed. However, many expectations have become reality, some still remain in stage for future developing or were simply overrated. There are also activities and situation where human approach or face to face contact can not be replaced with technology. In term of sourcing it is the building trust and long term relationships with trade partners. Referencies 1. Bartezzaghi, E., Ronchi, S. (2005) E-sourcing in a buyer-operator-seller perspective: Benefits and criticalities, Production Planning and Control. Jun, 16 (4), pp.405-412 [online] Available from: 2. Barua, A., Ravindran, S., Whiston, A. (1997) Efficient selection of supplier over the Internet, Journal of management information system. 13 (4), pp.117-134 [online] Available from: 3. Deeter-Schmelt, D.R., Norman Kennedy, K. (2004) Buyer-seller relationships and information sources in an e-commerce world, Jornal of Business and Industrial Marketing. 19 (3), pp. 188-196 [online] Available from: 4. Lancioni, R., Smith, M., Jensen Schau, H. (2003) Strategic Internet application trends in supply chain management, Industrial Marketing Management. 32 (3), pp. 211 217 [online] Available from: 5. Lancioni, R., Smith, M., Oliva, T. (2000) The role of the Internet in supply chain management, Industrial Marketing Management. 29, pp. 45-56 [online] Available from: 6. Lysons, K., Farrington, B. (2006) Purchasing and Supply Chain Management. 7th ed. Essex: Perrson Education limited, p.367 7. Monczka, R., Trent, R., Handfield, R. (2005) Purchasing and Supply Chain Management. 3rd ed. Southwestern: Thomson, p.304, 306-308 8. Roberts, B., Mackay, M. (1998) IT supporting supplier relationships: The role of electronic commerce, European Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management. 4, pp.175-184 [online] Available from: 9. Schaibly, L. S. (2004) Making global sourcing asuccess, World Pumps. March, pp.34-36. [online] Available from: 10. Tieman, R. (2003) E-procurement and E-sourcing: Corporate buyers show stronger interest in cost saving online system, Financial Times. November 24, p.3 11. Trucker, D, Jones, L. (2000) Leveraging the power of the Internet for optimal supplier sourcing, Industrial Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistic Management. 30 (3-4), pp. 255-267 [online] Available from: [Accessed 21.11.2009] 12. Van Weele, A. (2005) Purchasing and Supply Chain Management. 4th ed. London: Thomson Learning, p.169-171 13. Walters, P., (2008) Adding value in global B2B supply chains: Strategic directions and the role of the Internet as e driver of competitive advantage, Industrial Marketing Management. 37, pp. 59-68 [online] Available from: Science direct [Accessed 21.11.2009] 14. Yip, G., Dempster, A. (2004) Using the Internet to enhance global strategy, European Management Journal. 23 (1), pp. 1-13 [online] Available from: Science direct [Accessed 21.11.2009] 15. unknown 2008 E-marketplaces, online auctions and exchanges [Accessed 21.11.2009] 16. unknown, (2002)Kia Motors to launch Kia Distributor Communication System [Accessed 21.11.2009]

Apollonius Of Perga :: essays research papers fc

Apollonius of Perga Apollonius was a great mathematician, known by his contempories as " The Great Geometer, " whose treatise Conics is one of the greatest scientific works from the ancient world. Most of his other treatise were lost, although their titles and a general indication of their contents were passed on by later writers, especially Pappus of Alexandria. As a youth Apollonius studied in Alexandria ( under the pupils of Euclid, according to Pappus ) and subsequently taught at the university there. He visited Pergamum, capital of a Hellenistic kingdom in western Anatolia, where a university and library similar to those in Alexandria had recently been built. While at Pergamum he met Eudemus and Attaluus, and he wrote the first edition of Conics. He addressed the prefaces of the first three books of the final edition to Eudemus and the remaining volumes to Attalus, whom some scholars identify as King Attalus I of Pergamum. It is clear from Apollonius' allusion to Euclid, Conon of Samos, and Nicoteles of Cyrene that he made the fullest use of his predecessors' works. Book 1-4 contain a systematic account of the essential principles of conics, which for the most part had been previously set forth by Euclid, Aristaeus and Menaechmus. A number of theorems in Book 3 and the greater part of Book 4 are new, however, and he introduced the terms parabola, eelipse, and hyperbola. Books 5-7 are clearly original. His genius takes its highest flight in Book 5, in which he considers normals as minimum and maximum straight lines drawn from given points to the curve ( independently of tangent properties ), discusses how many normals can be drawn from particular points, finds their feet by construction, and gives propositions determining the center of curvature at any points and leading at once to the Cartesian equation of the evolute of any conic. The first four books of the Conics survive in the original Grrek and the next three in Arabic translation. Book 8 is lost. The only other extant work of Apollonius is Cutting Off of a Ratio ( or On Proportional Section ), in an Arabic translation. Pappus mentions five additional works, Cutting off an Area ( or On Spatial Section ) , On Determinate Section, Tangencies, and Plane Loci. Tangencies embraced the following general problem : given three things, each of which may be a point, straight line, or circle, construct a circle tangent to the three. Sometimes known as the problem of Apollonius, the most difficult case arises when the three given things are circles. Of the other works of Apollonius referred to by ancient writers, one, On

Human and divine Essay

A fixed code of behaviour developed which all Muslim were to follow. And â€Å"unlike any other system in the world today the Shari’a embraces every details of human life, from the prohibition of crime to the use of the toothpick. It is â€Å"the science of all things, human and divine†, and divides all actions into what is compulsory or enjoined, what is praiseworthy or recommended what is permitted or legally indifferent, what is dislike or disapproved of and what is forbidden. For the Muslim there is no distinction between personal and communal, religious and spiritually, sacred and material. This often makes it difficult for the West to understand and appreciate the Islamic and Arab worlds, and vice versa. Muslims believe overwhelmingly in a Creator, whose purpose for the worlds is all-embracing; men take part in his creative activity as his representatives on Earth â€Å"O believers, believe in God and His messenger and the book He has sent down on His messenger and the Book which He sent down before, Who so disbelieves in God and His angels, and His Books, and His Messengers and the Last Day, Has surely gone astray into far error† (Qur’an IV. 135) There has been some disbelief on if God is real or not? However there are some signs that have occurred lately al around the world, which prove the existence of Allah. So if Allah exists then we are clearly made by him. These Pictures are real and no one has edited it one of them as even appeared on BBC News. WHAT IS EVOLUTION? AND WHO DISCOVERED IT ? Evolution is biology’s â€Å"big idea. † According to the latest estimates, there may be as many as 30 million species- different kinds of living things- on earth. Life permeates our planet. But how did life start in the first place? And how did all these different living things come to be as they are today? For the huge majority scientist, there is only one satisfactory explanation: they have evolved! Evolution is a gradual process of chemical and physical change that seemed to begin before life even started, and it still continues now. And had left its imprint in everything that is or was once alive, including our distant ancestors or/ourselves. It is responsible for the way we look, the way we reproduce, and -some would argue- even the way we behave. A young English naturalist named Charles Darwin. Who completed a round-the world-voyage aboard the naval ship: HMS Beagle. By the end of the five-year trip, Darwin had collected a wealth of evidence for evolution, although he had not yet known why it took place. Darwin’s great breakthrough came in 1838, when he read an essay on the growth of the human population. Its writer was: Thomas Malthus argued that humans have a natural tendency to outstrip their food supply, creating competition for scarce resources. Darwin immediately grapes the idea: competition constantly takes place in nature as well, giving rise to a permanent struggle for survival. From the observations he made on his travels, Darwin knew that living things show a host of inherited variations. He realized that in any struggle for resources, some variations- or characteristics- must prove more useful than others. The owners of these â€Å"winners† features would leave larger numbers of offspring, and as a result, their characteristics would gradually become more widespread in the population as a whole. The end result is change, driven by a passive process he called: Natural Selection. Unlike Lamarck’s* version of evolution (Lamarckism), Darwin’s involves no planning or preset goals. In any species- from bacteria to elephants- individuals are â€Å"judged† by one simple criterion: their ability to leave the most young that survive to reproduce. Darwin was a fussy worker, and he spent the following two decades preparing his extensive research for eventual publication. But in 1858, he discovered that he was about to be scooped. Another English naturalist- Alfred Russell Wallace- had also hit on the idea of natural selection; although he had much less research to back it up. This motivated Darwin to begin writing a book. The result, one year later, was On the Origin of Species. However when he wrote On the Origin Species, Darwin had no idea how features were passed from one generation to the next. Plant breeding studies carried out by Gregor Mendel, who showed that characteristics are carried by separate â€Å"factors† which are copied from one parent or the other. In 1909, these basic units of inherited materials were named â€Å"gene†, and 20th century scientist devoted much energy to reveal their physical nature. Today, we know that genes are sequences of four chemical bases (abbreviated to C, G, A and T) that are â€Å"written into† the lengths of molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), contained within the chromosomes of every cell. When an organism reproduces, DNA copies itself, and parental genes are passed on. The copying process is accurate, but mistakes, or mutation, do sometimes occur. However Darwin did not ‘discovered’ evolution, nor was he the only person to come up with the idea of natural selection. His achieve was to collect the evidence for both in a conclusive and comprehensive way. Most of the observations that informed his theories were made during that five-year voyage.

Observation Research For Children And Young People Essay

Abstract How best can children’s perspective be heard? How can we find out about their lives and experiences without the influence of adult’s expectation and perception? This paper explores the different factors from different angles that influence naturalistic observation research method with children and young people. It uncovers unknown phenomena and behaviors; it would be difficult to follow people without discovery, and it would also be unethical to observe without their consents. The collection of data is without manipulation of the environment, however, there are influencing factors like ethical, political and social-cultural issues that imposed challenges on observation research with children and young people that are being discussed. Introduction Research with children and young people can be different and difficult for an adult researcher ever to totally understand the world from a child’s point of view. â€Å"Assumptions that might seem valid because we believe that we know and understand children, both because we were children once and because we see them so often, present a methodological problem.† (Fine and Sandstrom 1988:35) A variety of research methods are available when researching with children and young people, this paper explores the observation method. There are several types of observation methods; there are two main categories, namely naturalistic observation and laboratory observation. The focus here is mainly the factors influencing theShow MoreRelatedThe Ethical Considerations When Collecting The Data1629 Words   |  7 Pagescollecting the data, is for the children or young people participating not to be subject to harm in any way. 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